Maria Laura Leonardi, Stefano Cursi, Elena Gigliarelli, José Granja, Daniel Oliveira, Miguel Azenha.
Ontology to represent the historic masonry material
Historic Masonry Ontology
Version 0.1
It determines when a pattern entity is 'dominant' in a pattern, i.e. when it has a distribution greater than 50% in the pattern.
are dominant pattern entities of
Defines the relationship between joints and units in a pattern.
are interface elements of
It determines when a pattern entity is'sparse'in a pattern, i.e. when it has a distribution of less than 50 per cent in the pattern.
are sparse pattern entities of
Determines which pattern entities are dominant (more than 50%) in a pattern.
has dominant pattern entities
Defines the relationship between a representative volume element and an homogenised mechanical property.
has homogenised mechanical property
Defines the relationship between units and joints in a pattern.
has interface elements
Defines the relationship between a masonry wall and a masonry layer.
has layer
Defines the Masonry Quality Index associated with a wall
has Masonry Quality Index
Defines the relationship between a representative volume elements and a pattern.
has pattern
Defines the representative volume element of a wall
has representative volume element
Determines which pattern entities are sparse in a pattern.
has sparse pattern entities
Defines the relationship between an homogenised mechanical property and a masonry wall.
is homogenised mechanical property of
Defines the Masonry Layer where a pattern is located.
is located of
is layer of
Used to define when one or more patterns are present in a Representative Volume Element.
is pattern of
Defines the adequacy of horizontal joints (based on level of horizontality/continuity), in the context of in plane loading.
MQI-In Plane-Horizontal Joints
Defines the adequacy of horizontal joints (based on level of horizontality/continuity), in the context of out of plane loading.
MQI-Out Of Plane-Horizontal Joints
Defines the adequacy of horizontal joints (based on level of horizontality/continuity), in the context of vertical loading.
MQI-Vertical-Horizontal Joints
Defines the adequacy of the mortar, in the context of in plane loading.
MQI-In Plane-Mortar Quality
Defines the adequacy of the mortar, in the context of out of plane loading.
MQI-Out Of Plane-Mortar Quality
Defines the adequacy of the mortar, in the context of vertical loading.
MQI-Vertical-Mortar Quality
Defines the total value of MQI for in plane loads
Masonry Quality Index total value for in plane loads
Defines the total value of MQI for out of plane loads
Masonry Quality Index total value for out of plane loads
Defines the total value of MQI for vertical loads
Masonry Quality Index total value for vertical loads
Defines the adequacy of units size, in the context of in plane loading.
MQI-In Plane-Units Dimensions
Defines the adequacy of units size, in the context of out of plane loading.
MQI-Out Of Plane-Units Dimensions
Defines the adequacy of units size, in the context of vertical loading.
MQI-Vertical-Units Dimensions
Defines the adequacy of mechanical properties of the units, in the context of in plane loading.
MQI-In Plane-Units Properties
Defines the adequacy of mechanical properties of the units, in the context of out of plane loading.
MQI-Out Of Plane-Units Properties
Defines the adequacy of mechanical properties of the units, in the context of vertical loading.
MQI-Vertical-Units Properties
Defines the adequacy of the units shape, in the context of in plane loading.
MQI-In Plane-Units Shape
Defines the adequacy of the units shape, in the context of out of plane loading.
MQI-Out Of Plane-Units Shape
Defines the adequacy of the units shape, in the context of vertical loading.
MQI-Vertical-Units Shape
Defines the adequacy of In plane joints (based on staggered properties), in the context of in plane loading.
MQI-In Plane-Vertical Joints
Defines the adequacy of Out of plane joints (based on staggered properties), in the context of out of plane loading.
MQI-Out Of Plane-Vertical Joints
Defines the adequacy of vertical joints (based on staggered properties), in the context of vertical loading.
MQI-Vertical-Vertical Joints
Defines the adequacy of connections of the adjacent leaves in a wall, in the context of in plane loading.
MQI-In Plane-Wall Leaves Connection
Defines the adequacy of connections of the adjacent leaves in a wall, in the context of out of plane loading.
MQI-Out Of Plane-Wall Leaves Connection
Defines the adequacy of connections of the adjacent leaves in a wall, in the context of vertical loading.
MQI-Vertical-Wall Leaves Connection
In hollow bricks, it defines the percentage of volume, espressed in decimal (eg: 0.4 for 40%).
Bricks have volume percentage
Defines the thickness of the joints.
Joint Thickness
Defines the maximum value of the height of the units in the pattern.
Units Height Has Maximum Value
Defines the minimum value of the height of the units in the pattern.
Units Height Has Minimum Value
Defines the minimum value of the length of the units in the pattern.
Units Length Has Minimum Value
Defines the maximum value of the length of the units in the pattern.
Units Length Has Maximum Value
imported from http://bimerr.iot.linkeddata.es/def/material-properties ; used to describe eterogeneous materials.
Material
imported from https://w3id.org/dot ; used to describe damage in hmo:PatternEntities
Damage Area
The average resistance of the homogenised material to breaking under compression.
Compressive Strength
A mechanical property associated to an entire masonry wall, considering the assembly of units and joints.
Homogenised Mechanical Property
Horizontal spaces between masonry units. Can be either dry or made of mortar.
Horizontal Joints
The configuration of the joints in the pattern.
Joints
A layer of a masonry wall.
Masonry Layer
A visual method for assessing the structural behavior of masonry walls.
Masonry Quality Index
A load bearing wall made of structural masorny.
Masonry Wall
The mass per unit volume of a masonry wall.
Mass Density
Joints made of mortar.
Mortar Joints
The pattern formed by units and joints in a masonry layer.
Pattern
A group of entities in a pattern which have the same function, geometry and material properties.
Pattern Entities
In the context of global macro-models, a masonry area to which homogeneous mechanical characteristics can be attributed.
Representative Volume Element
Modulus of tangential elasticity.
Shear Modulus
Average shear strength according to the Mohr-Coulomb criterion. It is used in the case of regular-textured masonry and corresponds to diagonal tensile failure at the joints level.
Shear Strength (Mohr Coulomb)
Average shear strength according to the Turnsek and Cacovic criterion. It is used in the case of irregular-textured masonry and corresponds to diagonal tensile failure at the masonry level.
Shear Strength (Turnsek and Cacovic)
The average resistance of the homogenised material to breaking under tension.
Tensile Strength
The configuration of the units in the pattern.
Units
Vertical spaces between masonry units. Can be either dry or made of mortar.
Vertical Joints
Modulus of longitudinal elasticity.
Young Modulus
Barely cut stones.
Barely cut stones
A type of masonry wall made of barely cut stones, properly dressed.
Barely cut stone masonry
Barely cut stone masonry compressive strength
Barely cut stone masonry mass density
Barely cut stone masonry shear modulus
barely cut stone masonry shear strength
Barely cut stone masonry young modulus
A type of pattern made of barely cut stones, properly dressed.
Barely cut stone pattern
Solid clay bricks.
Bricks
A type of pattern made of bricks, properly dressed.
Bricks Pattern
A type of masonry wall made of solid clay bricks.
Brickwork
Brickwork compressive strength
Brickwork mass density
Brickwork shear modulus
Brickwork shear strength (Mohr Coulomb)
Brickwork shear strength (Turnsek and Cacovic)
Brickwork young modulus
Cement lime mortar joints
Horizontal joints that are continuous along the entire pattern.
Continuous horizontal joints
Dry joints, with no mortar.
Dry joints
Earth mortar joints
Headers are units which are places has headers (shorter face) in the face of the wall.
Headers bond units
Lightly perforated clay brick masonry (volume of all holes ≤ 40%), with cement-lime mortar.
Hollow brick masonry
Hollow brick masonry compressive strength
Hollow brick masonry mass density
Hollow brick masonry shear modulus
Hollow brick masonry shear strength (Mohr Coulomb)
Hollow brick masonry young modulus
Lightly perforated clay brick masonry pattern (volume of all holes ≤ 40%), with cement-lime mortar.
HollowBrick Pattern
Hydraulic lime mortar joints
Irregular stones made of soft stone, such as tuff or calcarenite.
Irregular softstone
A type of masonry wall made irregular stones made of soft stone, such as tuff or calcarenite.
Irregular softstone masonry
Irregular softstone masonry compressive strength
Irregular softstone masonry mass density
Irregular softstone masonry shear modulus
Irregular softstone masonry shear strength
Irregular softstone masonry young modulus
A type of pattern made of irregular softstones, properly dressed.
Irregular softstone pattern
A type of masonry wall made of irregular stones such as pebbles, erratic and irregular stones.
Irregular stone masonry
Irregular stone masonry compressive strength
Irregular stone masonry mass density
Irregular stone masonry shear Modulus
Irregular stone masonry shear strength
Irregular stone masonry young modulus
A type of pattern made of irregular stones such as pebbles, erratic and irregular stones.
Irregular Stone Pattern
Lime mortar joints
Horizontal joints that are not continuous along the entire pattern.
Non continuous horizontal joints
Horizontal joints that are not continuous along the entire pattern, but just in some part of it.
Partially continuous horizontal joints
Vertical joints that are partially misaligned in the pattern.
Partially staggered joints
Very little units improving the joints.
Pinning stones
Vertical joints that are properly misaligned in the pattern.
Properly Staggered Joints
Roman cement mortar joints
Roughly cut stones of different thicknesses.
Roughly Cut Stones
Roughly dressed stone masonry, with wythes of irregular thickness.
Roughly Cut Stone Masonry
Roughly cut stone masonry compressive strength
Roughly cut stone masonry mass density
Roughly cut stone masonry shear modulus
Roughly cut stone masonry shear strength
A type of pattern made of roughly dressed stone masonry, with wythes of irregular thickness
Roughly cut stone pattern
Irregular stones such as pebbles, erratic and irregular stones.
Rubble stones
Squared hard stones/ashlar.
Squared hardstone
A type of masonry wall made of regular blocks of hardstone.
Squared hardstone masonry
Squared hardstone masonry compressive strength
Squared hardstone masonry mass density
Squared hardstone masonry shear modulus
Squared hardstone masonry shear strength
Squared hardstone masonry young modulus
A type of pattern made of squared hardstones, properly dressed.
Squared Hardstone Pattern
Squared soft stones such as tuff or calcarenite.
Squared Softstone
A type of regular masonry wall made of cut, soft stones, such as tuff or calcarenite.
Squared Softstone Masonry
Squared softstone masonry compressive strength
Squared softstone masonry mass density
Squared softstone masonry shear modulus
Squared softstone masonry shear strength
Squared softstone masonry young modulus
A type of pattern made of Squared Softstones, properly dressed.
Squared softstone pattern
Vertical joints that are aligned in the pattern.
Vertically aligned joints
Evaluation of the shear modulus from MQI
Evaluation of the shear strength from MQI
Evaluation of the compressive strength MQI
Evaluation of the young modulus from MQI
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has dominant pattern entities (hollow bricks) that have a pergentage of volume equal or greater than 30% and less or equal than 55 % then the value of MQI Unit Properties is equal to ‘0.7’ for vertical loads, ‘0.7’ for out of plane loads and ‘0.7’ for in plane loads.
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has dominant pattern entities (hollow bricks) that have a pergentage of volume less than 30% then the value of MQI Unit Properties is equal to ‘0.3’ for vertical loads, ‘0.5’ for out of plane loads and ‘0.3’ for in plane loads.
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has dominant pattern entities (hollow bricks) that have a percentage of volume equal or greater than 55 % then the value of MQI Unit Properties is equal to ‘1’ for vertical loads, ‘1’ for out of plane loads and ‘1’ for in plane loads.
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has dominant pattern entities (units) that have a damaged area then the value of MQI Unit Properties is equal to ‘0.3’ for vertical loads, ‘0.5’ for out of plane loads and ‘0.3’ for in plane loads.
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has a homogeneous pattern entity that are ‘units’, and the average length of the units is greater or equal than ‘20’ and less than ‘40’, then the value of MQI Unit Dimensions is equal to ‘0.5’ for vertical loads, ‘0.5’ for out of plane loads and ‘0.5’ for in plane loads.
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has a homogeneous pattern entity that are ‘units’, and the average length of the units is less than ‘20’, then the value of MQI Unit Dimensions is equal to ‘0’ for vertical loads, ‘0’ for out of plane loads and ‘0’ for in plane loads.
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has a homogeneous pattern entity that are ‘units’, and the average length of the units is greater or equal than ‘40’, then the value of MQI Unit Dimensions is equal to ‘1’ for vertical loads, ‘1’ for out of plane loads and ‘1’ for in plane loads.
Evaluation of masonry quality index for the out of plane
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has a homogeneous pattern entity that is ‘barely cut stones, then the value of MQI Unit Shape is equal to ‘3’ for vertical loads, ‘2’ for out of plane loads and ‘2’ for in plane loads.
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has dominant pattern entities that are ‘bricks’ units, then the value of MQI Unit Properties is equal to ‘1’ for vertical loads, ‘1’ for out of plane loads and ‘1’ for in plane loads.
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has a homogeneous pattern entity that is ‘bricks’, then the value of MQI Unit Shape is equal to ‘3’ for vertical loads, ‘2’ for out of plane loads and ‘2’ for in plane loads.
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has a homogeneous pattern entity that is ‘continuous horizontal joints’, then the value of MQI Horizontal Joints is equal to ‘2’ for vertical loads, ‘1’ for out of plane loads and ‘2’ for in plane loads.
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has dominant pattern entities ‘earth mortar joints’, then the value of MQI Mortar Quality is equal to ‘0’ for vertical loads, ‘0’ for out of plane loads and ‘0’ for in plane loads.
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has a dominant pattern entity that is ‘headers bond units, then the value of MQI Wall Connections is equal to ‘1’ for vertical loads, ‘3’ for out of plane loads and ‘2’ for in plane loads.
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has a sparse pattern entity that is ‘headers bond units, then the value of MQI Wall Connections is equal to ‘1’ for vertical loads, ‘1.5’ for out of plane loads and ‘1’ for in plane loads.
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has a homogeneous pattern entity that is ‘hollow bricks’, then the value of MQI Unit Shape is equal to ‘3’ for vertical loads, ‘2’ for out of plane loads and ‘2’ for in plane loads.
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has dominant pattern entities ‘hydraulic lime mortar’, then the value of MQI Mortar Quality is equal to ‘2’ for vertical loads, ‘1’ for out of plane loads and ‘1’ for in plane loads.
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has dominant pattern entities that are ‘irregular softstone’ units, then the value of MQI Unit Properties is equal to ‘0.7’ for vertical loads, ‘0.7’ for out of plane loads and ‘0.7’ for in plane loads.
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has a homogeneous pattern entity that is ‘roughly cut stones, then the value of MQI Unit Shape is equal to ‘1.5’ for vertical loads, ‘1’ for out of plane loads and ‘1’ for in plane loads.
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has dominant pattern entities ‘lime mortar joints’, then the value of MQI Mortar Quality is equal to ‘0.5’ for vertical loads, ‘1’ for out of plane loads and ‘0.5’ for in plane loads.
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has a homogeneous pattern entity that is ‘not continuous horizontal joints’, then the value of MQI Horizontal Joints is equal to ‘0’ for vertical loads, ‘0' for out of plane loads and ‘0’ for in plane loads.
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has a homogeneous pattern entity that is ‘continuous horizontal joints’, then the value of MQI Horizontal Joints is equal to ‘1’ for vertical loads, ‘1’ for out of plane loads and ‘0.5’ for in plane loads.
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has a homogeneous pattern entity that are ‘propertly staggered units’, then the value of MQI vertical joints is equal to ‘0.5’ for vertical loads, ‘1’ for out of plane loads and ‘0.5’ for in plane loads.
Evaluation of masonry quality index for in plane
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has a homogeneous pattern entity that are ‘propertly staggered units’, then the value of MQI vertical joints is equal to ‘1’ for vertical loads, ‘1’ for out of plane loads and ‘2’ for in plane loads.
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has dominant pattern entities ‘roman cement mortar’, then the value of MQI Mortar Quality is equal to ‘2’ for vertical loads, ‘1’ for out of plane loads and ‘1’ for in plane loads.
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has dominant pattern entities ‘rubble stones’, and dominant pattern entities ‘dry joints’, then the value of MQI Unit Shape is equal to ‘0’ for vertical loads, ‘0’ for out of plane loads and ‘0’ for in plane loads.
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has dominant pattern entities ‘rubble stones’, and dominant pattern entities ‘dry joints’ and 'pinning stones', then the value of MQI Unit Shape is equal to ‘0’ for vertical loads, ‘0’ for out of plane loads and ‘0’ for in plane loads.
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has a homogeneous pattern entity that is ‘rubble stones, then the value of MQI Unit Shape is equal to ‘0’ for vertical loads, ‘0’ for out of plane loads and ‘0’ for in plane loads.
Evaluation of masonry quality index for vertical
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has a homogeneous pattern entity that is ‘rubble stones, then the value of MQI wall leaves connections is equal to ‘0’ for vertical loads, ‘0’ for out of plane loads and ‘0’ for in plane loads.
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has dominant pattern entities that are ‘squared hardstone’ units, then the value of MQI Unit Properties is equal to ‘1’ for vertical loads, ‘1’ for out of plane loads and ‘1’ for in plane loads.
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has a homogeneous pattern entity that is ‘squared hardstone’, then the value of MQI Unit Shape is equal to ‘3’ for vertical loads, ‘2’ for out of plane loads and ‘2’ for in plane loads.
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has a homogeneous pattern entity that is ‘squared soft stones’, then the value of MQI Unit Shape is equal to ‘3’ for vertical loads, ‘2’ for out of plane loads and ‘2’ for in plane loads.
If a wall has a representative volume element which has a pattern which has a homogeneous pattern entity that are ‘vertically aligned units’, then the value of MQI vertical joints is equal to ‘0’ for vertical loads, ‘0’ for out of plane loads and ‘0’ for in plane loads.