@prefix : <https://w3id.org/hsto#> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix xml: <http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@base <https://w3id.org/hsto#> .

<https://w3id.org/hsto> rdf:type owl:Ontology ;
                         owl:imports <https://w3id.org/beo> ,
                                     <https://w3id.org/dot> ,
                                     <https://w3id.org/hsv> ;
                         <http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator> _:genid1 ,
                                                            _:genid2 ,
                                                            _:genid3 ,
                                                            _:genid4 ,
                                                            _:genid5 ,
                                                            _:genid6 ;
                         <http://purl.org/dc/terms/isReferencedBy> <https://doi.org/10.19282/acs.13.2025.16> ;
                         <http://purl.org/dc/terms/license> <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/> ;
                         <http://purl.org/dc/terms/title> "Historic Structure Ontology (HSTO)"@en ;
                         <http://purl.org/vocab/vann/preferredNamespacePrefix> "hsto" ;
                         <http://purl.org/vocab/vann/preferredNamespaceUri> "https://w3id.org/hsto#" ;
                         owl:versionInfo "1.0.0" .

_:genid1 rdf:type <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person> ;
          <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Maria Laura Leonardi" .

_:genid2 rdf:type <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person> ;
          <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Stefano Cursi" .

_:genid3 rdf:type <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person> ;
          <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Letizia Martinelli" .

_:genid4 rdf:type <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person> ;
          <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Elena Gigliarelli" .

_:genid5 rdf:type <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person> ;
          <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Miguel Azenha" .

_:genid6 rdf:type <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person> ;
          <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Daniel V. Oliveira" .

#################################################################
#    Annotation properties
#################################################################

###  http://purl.org/dc/terms/isReferencedBy
<http://purl.org/dc/terms/isReferencedBy> rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty .


#################################################################
#    Object Properties
#################################################################

###  https://w3id.org/hsto#hasDamage
:hasDamage rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
           rdfs:domain :StructuralPart ;
           rdfs:range <https://w3id.org/dot#Damage> ;
           rdfs:comment "Associates a structural part with one or more damage instances described using the Damage Typology Ontology (DOT)."@en ;
           rdfs:label "has damage"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#hasHistoricOpening
:hasHistoricOpening rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
                    rdfs:domain :Facade ;
                    rdfs:range :HistoricOpening ;
                    rdfs:comment "Links a facade to one or more historic openings present on its surface."@en ;
                    rdfs:label "has historic opening"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#hasJoist
:hasJoist rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
          rdfs:domain :TimberFloor ;
          rdfs:range :Joist ;
          rdfs:comment "Links a timber floor to its joist elements."@en ;
          rdfs:label "has joist"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#hasMainBeam
:hasMainBeam rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
             rdfs:domain :TimberFloor ;
             rdfs:range :MainBeam ;
             rdfs:comment "Links a timber floor to its primary beam elements."@en ;
             rdfs:label "has main beam"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#hasOpeningComponent
:hasOpeningComponent rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
                     rdfs:domain <https://w3id.org/beo#BuildingElementPart> ;
                     rdfs:range [ rdf:type owl:Class ;
                                  owl:unionOf ( :Arch
                                                :Header
                                                :Jamb
                                                :Lintel
                                                :Sill
                                              )
                                ] ;
                     rdfs:comment "Links a BEO building element part to a heritage-specific opening component (sill, jamb, header, lintel, arch)."@en ;
                     rdfs:label "has opening component"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#hasPlank
:hasPlank rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
          rdfs:domain :TimberFloor ;
          rdfs:range :Plank ;
          rdfs:comment "Links a timber floor to its plank elements forming the floor deck."@en ;
          rdfs:label "has plank"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#hasVaultPart
:hasVaultPart rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
              rdfs:domain :Vault ;
              rdfs:range :VaultPart ;
              rdfs:comment "Links a vault to its constituent parts, articulated at ABox level to capture specific typologies and geometries."@en ;
              rdfs:label "has vault part"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#isBuiltWithTraditionalConstructionTechnique
:isBuiltWithTraditionalConstructionTechnique rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
                                             rdfs:domain :StructuralPart ;
                                             rdfs:range <https://w3id.org/hsv#TraditionalConstructionTechnique> ;
                                             rdfs:comment "Links a structural part to a traditional construction technique as documented in the HSV ontology."@en ;
                                             rdfs:label "is built with traditional construction technique"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#isConnectedTo
:isConnectedTo rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
               rdfs:domain :StructuralPart ;
               rdfs:range :Connection ;
               rdfs:comment "Links a structural part to a connection instance representing the physical interface with another structural part."@en ;
               rdfs:label "is connected to"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#isCoveredBy
:isCoveredBy rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
             rdfs:domain :HorizontalStructure ;
             rdfs:range <https://w3id.org/beo#Covering> ;
             rdfs:comment "Links a horizontal structure to the BEO covering element (floor finish or roof covering) overlying it."@en ;
             rdfs:label "is covered by"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#isHostedByDoor
:isHostedByDoor rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
                rdfs:domain :HistoricOpening ;
                rdfs:range <https://w3id.org/beo#Door> ;
                rdfs:comment "Links a historic opening to the BEO door element that hosts it."@en ;
                rdfs:label "is hosted by door"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#isHostedByWindow
:isHostedByWindow rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
                  rdfs:domain :HistoricOpening ;
                  rdfs:range <https://w3id.org/beo#Window> ;
                  rdfs:comment "Links a historic opening to the BEO window element that hosts it."@en ;
                  rdfs:label "is hosted by window"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#isMadeOf
:isMadeOf rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
          rdfs:domain :Facade ;
          rdfs:range <https://w3id.org/hmo#MasonryWall> ;
          rdfs:comment "Links a facade to the masonry wall instances that compose it, each corresponding to a portion with homogeneous geometric and constructional characteristics."@en ;
          rdfs:label "is made of"@en .


#################################################################
#    Data properties
#################################################################

###  https://w3id.org/hsto#hasAbsoluteDatation
:hasAbsoluteDatation rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty ;
                     rdfs:domain [ rdf:type owl:Class ;
                                   owl:unionOf ( :HistoricOpening
                                                 :StructuralPart
                                               )
                                 ] ;
                     rdfs:range xsd:string ;
                     rdfs:comment "Records the absolute construction date or date range of a structural part or historic opening."@en ;
                     rdfs:label "has absolute datation"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#hasAccessibility
:hasAccessibility rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty ;
                  rdfs:domain :StructuralPart ;
                  rdfs:range xsd:boolean ;
                  rdfs:comment "Indicates whether a structural part is accessible for detailed survey, helping quantify the level of structural knowledge available."@en ;
                  rdfs:label "has accessibility"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#hasConnectionQuality
:hasConnectionQuality rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty ;
                      rdfs:domain :Connection ;
                      rdfs:range xsd:string ;
                      rdfs:comment "A qualitative assessment of connection effectiveness (e.g. good/poor) used to inform modelling strategies such as rigid vs. flexible connections in FEM analysis."@en ;
                      rdfs:label "has connection quality"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#hasHeight
:hasHeight rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty ;
           rdfs:domain :Facade ;
           rdfs:range xsd:decimal ;
           rdfs:comment "The height of a facade, in metres."@en ;
           rdfs:label "has height"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#hasLength
:hasLength rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty ;
           rdfs:domain :Facade ;
           rdfs:range xsd:decimal ;
           rdfs:comment "The length of a facade, in metres."@en ;
           rdfs:label "has length"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#hasRelativeDatation
:hasRelativeDatation rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty ;
                     rdfs:domain [ rdf:type owl:Class ;
                                   owl:unionOf ( :HistoricOpening
                                                 :StructuralPart
                                               )
                                 ] ;
                     rdfs:range xsd:string ;
                     rdfs:comment "Records the relative construction chronology of a structural part or historic opening with respect to adjacent elements."@en ;
                     rdfs:label "has relative datation"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#stiffness
:stiffness rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty ;
           rdfs:domain :HorizontalStructure ;
           rdfs:range xsd:string ;
           rdfs:comment "A qualitative or quantitative measure of the in-plane stiffness of a horizontal structural element (e.g. rigid/flexible)."@en ;
           rdfs:label "stiffness"@en .


#################################################################
#    Classes
#################################################################

###  https://w3id.org/hmo#MasonryWall
<https://w3id.org/hmo#MasonryWall> rdf:type owl:Class .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#Arch
:Arch rdf:type owl:Class ;
      rdfs:subClassOf :Header ;
      rdfs:comment "A curved spanning element closing the top of a historic opening, typically featuring a keystone."@en ;
      rdfs:label "Arch"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#Connection
:Connection rdf:type owl:Class ;
            rdfs:comment "An explicit first-class object representing the physical interface between exactly two structural parts, enabling qualitative assessment of connection effectiveness."@en ;
            rdfs:label "Connection"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#Facade
:Facade rdf:type owl:Class ;
        rdfs:subClassOf :StructuralPart ;
        rdfs:comment "A distinct structural object representing the exterior wall surface of a structural unit, capturing opening layout regularity, masonry typology variations, and damage patterns."@en ;
        rdfs:label "Facade"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#Header
:Header rdf:type owl:Class ;
        rdfs:subClassOf <https://w3id.org/beo#BuildingElementPart> ;
        rdfs:comment "The horizontal spanning element at the top of a historic opening; superclass of hsto:Lintel and hsto:Arch."@en ;
        rdfs:label "Header"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#HistoricOpening
:HistoricOpening rdf:type owl:Class ;
                 rdfs:comment "A wall opening considered historic, associated with both relative and absolute dating, whose configuration is relevant for seismic assessment."@en ;
                 rdfs:label "Historic Opening"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#HorizontalStructure
:HorizontalStructure rdf:type owl:Class ;
                     rdfs:subClassOf :StructuralPart ;
                     rdfs:comment "A horizontal structural element such as a floor or roof assembly, providing diaphragm rigidity to the masonry aggregate."@en ;
                     rdfs:label "Horizontal Structure"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#Jamb
:Jamb rdf:type owl:Class ;
      rdfs:subClassOf <https://w3id.org/beo#BuildingElementPart> ;
      rdfs:comment "The vertical side framing element of a historic opening."@en ;
      rdfs:label "Jamb"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#Joist
:Joist rdf:type owl:Class ;
       rdfs:comment "A secondary timber element spanning between main beams or walls, supporting the floor planking."@en ;
       rdfs:label "Joist"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#Lintel
:Lintel rdf:type owl:Class ;
        rdfs:subClassOf :Header ;
        rdfs:comment "A flat horizontal spanning element closing the top of a historic opening."@en ;
        rdfs:label "Lintel"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#MainBeam
:MainBeam rdf:type owl:Class ;
          rdfs:comment "A primary timber beam supporting smaller joists in a timber floor assembly."@en ;
          rdfs:label "Main Beam"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#Plank
:Plank rdf:type owl:Class ;
       rdfs:comment "A timber plank forming the floor deck, providing diaphragm rigidity when overlaid."@en ;
       rdfs:label "Plank"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#Quoin
:Quoin rdf:type owl:Class ;
       rdfs:subClassOf :Connection ;
       rdfs:comment "A connection formed by regularly cut interlocking corner stones providing enhanced mechanical interlocking between orthogonal walls."@en ;
       rdfs:label "Quoin"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#Sill
:Sill rdf:type owl:Class ;
      rdfs:subClassOf <https://w3id.org/beo#BuildingElementPart> ;
      rdfs:comment "The base threshold element of a historic opening."@en ;
      rdfs:label "Sill"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#StructuralPart
:StructuralPart rdf:type owl:Class ;
                rdfs:comment "The main category for modelling individual structural components of a historic masonry aggregate, exhibiting material and construction homogeneity."@en ;
                rdfs:label "Structural Part"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#Tie
:Tie rdf:type owl:Class ;
     rdfs:subClassOf :Connection ;
     rdfs:comment "A connection formed by metallic or wooden anchors used to tie structural parts together in historic masonry construction."@en ;
     rdfs:label "Tie"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#TimberFloor
:TimberFloor rdf:type owl:Class ;
             rdfs:subClassOf :HorizontalStructure ;
             rdfs:comment "A horizontal structural assembly composed of timber elements such as beams, joists, and planks."@en ;
             rdfs:label "Timber Floor"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#Vault
:Vault rdf:type owl:Class ;
       rdfs:subClassOf :HorizontalStructure ;
       rdfs:comment "A masonry vault used as a horizontal structural element, typically in lower storeys. Kept generic at TBox level; specific vault typologies are articulated at ABox level through hsto:VaultPart instances."@en ;
       rdfs:label "Vault"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsto#VaultPart
:VaultPart rdf:type owl:Class ;
           rdfs:comment "A constituent part of a masonry vault, used at ABox level to articulate specific vault typologies and geometries."@en ;
           rdfs:label "Vault Part"@en .


###  https://w3id.org/hsv#TraditionalConstructionTechnique
<https://w3id.org/hsv#TraditionalConstructionTechnique> rdf:type owl:Class .


#################################################################
#    Individuals
#################################################################

###  https://w3id.org/hsto
<https://w3id.org/hsto> rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual ;
                        <http://purl.org/dc/terms/description> "The Historic Structure Ontology (HSTO) provides a formal representation of the physical configuration of masonry aggregates by explicitly modelling the relationships among their structural components, including facades, horizontal structures, openings, and connections."@en .


###  Generated by the OWL API (version 5.1.18) https://github.com/owlcs/owlapi/