ECO - Eurocode Core Ontology
type: Ontology
imports: bot
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
contributor: Daniel V. Oliveira (danvco@civil.uminho.pt)
contributor: José Granja (granja@civil.uminho.pt)
contributor: Miguel Azenha (miguel.azenha@civil.uminho.pt)
contributor: Rolando Chacón (rolando.chacon@upc.edu)
creator: Agnieszka Jędrzejewska (agnieszka.jedrzejewska@polsl.pl), Maria Laura Leonardi (mlauraleonardi@gmail.com), Carlos Ramonell Cazador (carlos.ramonell@upc.edu)
date: 2025-06-30
description: Core ontology formalising knowledge from Eurocode 0 for automated structural design and verification
format: ttl
language: en
modified: 2025-06-30
preferred namespace prefix: ec
version info: 1.0.0
has top concept: Action
has top concept: Combination of actions
has top concept: Construction works
has top concept: Design situation
has top concept: Effect of action
has top concept: Limit state

applies to
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Action
range: Structural member
definition: Relates an action to the structural member or structure it acts upon.

causes effect
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Combination of actions
range: Effect of action
definition: Relates a combination of actions to the effects it causes in the structure.

contains structural member
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasElement
domain: Structural system
range: Structural member
definition: Relates a a structural element with the structural system.

for limit state
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Limit state value
range: Limit state
definition: Relates a limit state value with its corresponding limit state.

has characteristic value
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: quantityValue
domain: Quantity
range: Characteristic value
definition: Relates a Quantity with its Characteristic Value.

has design value
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: quantityValue
domain: Quantity
range: Design value
definition: Relates a Quantity with its Design Value.

has effect
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Structural member
range: Effect of action
definition: Relates a structural member to the effect of action.

has geometrical property
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Structural member
range: Geometrical data
definition: Relates a structural member with its geometrical properties.

has limit state value
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Structural member
range: Limit state value
definition: Relates a structural member to its capacity for the effect of action.

has lower bound value
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: quantityValue
domain: Quantity
range: Lower bound value
definition: Relates a Quantity with its Lower Bound Value.

has material property
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Material
range: Material property
definition: Relates a material with its properties.

has mean value
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: quantityValue
domain: Quantity
range: Mean value
definition: Relates a Quantity with its Mean Value.

has nominal value
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: quantityValue
domain: Quantity
range: Nominal value
definition: Relates a Quantity with its Nominal Value.

has representative value
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: quantityValue
domain: Quantity
range: Representative value
definition: Relates a Quantity with its Representative Value.

has structural member
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasElement
domain: Zone
range: Structural member
definition: Relates a a structural element with the zone.

has structure
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasElement
domain: Construction works
range: Structure
definition: Relates a contrution work with the structure.

has system
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Structure
range: Structural system
definition: Relates a structure with its structural system.

has upper bound value
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: quantityValue
domain: Quantity
range: Upper bound value
definition: Relates a Quantity with its Upper Bound Value.

imposes combination
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Design situation
range: Combination of actions
definition: Relates a design situation to the relevant combination.

is designed for
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Structural member
range: Design situation
definition: Relates a structural memeber with the design situation it is designed for.

is made of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Structural member
range: Material
definition: Relates a structural member to the material which it is made of.

is verified for
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Limit state
range: Combination of actions
definition: Relates a limit state to the combination of actions used for its verification.

requires verification of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Design situation
range: Limit state
definition: Relates a limit state to the combination of actions used for its verification.

uses action value
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Combination of actions
range: QuantityValue
definition: Relates a combination of actions to the individual actions it contains.

has limit state value
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Limit state value
range: Effect of action
definition: Relates a limitstate value with the Action Effect that needs to be verified against.

has combination factor
type: DatatypeProperty
range: decimal
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.16
alternative label: ψ_0
definition: Factor for combination value of a variable action used in ultimate limit state verifications.

has design working life
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Structure
range: decimal
definition: Period during which a structure or structural component is intended to remain functional and to fulfill its performance requirements without major repair or replacement, assuming appropriate maintenance.

has frequent factor
type: DatatypeProperty
range: decimal
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.17
alternative label: ψ_1
definition: Factor for frequent value of a variable action, determined so that either the total time within the reference period during which it is exceeded is only a small given part of the reference period, or the frequency of it being exceeded is limited to a given value.

has nationally defined value
type: DatatypeProperty
range: boolean
definition: Defines whether parameter has specific value defined in NA.

has partial factor
type: DatatypeProperty
range: decimal
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 6.3.1
alternative label: γ_f
definition: Safety factor applied to actions or material properties to account for uncertainties.

has quasi-permanent factor
type: DatatypeProperty
range: decimal
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.18
alternative label: ψ_2
definition: Factor for quasi-permanent value of a variable action, determined so that the total period of time for which it will be exceeded is a large fraction of the reference period.

has reduction factor
type: DatatypeProperty
range: decimal
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 6.4.3.2
alternative label: ξ
definition: Reduction factor for unfavourable permanent action.

is satisfied
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Limit state
range: boolean
definition: Result of verification of the limit state.

Acceleration effect
type: Class
subclass of: Dynamic effect
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 4.1.5(2)
definition: Effect involving acceleration of the structure or structural members.

Category I - accessible roofs
type: Class
subclass of: Eurocode zone
source: EN 1991-1-1:2002 Table 6.9
definition: Roof accessible with occupancy according to categories A to G
example: Roof used as terraces, gardens, or other occupied spaces

Accidental action
type: Class
subclass of: Action
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.5
alternative label: A
definition: Action, usually of short duration but of significant magnitude, that is unlikely to occur on a given structure during the design working life.
example: explosions, impact from vehicles

Accidental combination
type: Class
subclass of: Ultimate Limit State combination
disjoint with: Fundamental combination
disjoint with: Seismic combination
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 6.4.3.3
definition: Combination of actions for accidental design situations.
scope note: Used for accidental design situations in ULS verifications

Accidental design situation
type: Class
subclass of: Design situation
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.2.5
definition: Design situation involving exceptional conditions of the structure or its exposure, including fire, explosion, impact or local failure.
example: fire, explosion, impact, local failure

Accompanying variable action
type: Class
subclass of: Variable action
disjoint with: Leading variable action
source: EN 1990:2002 Section 1.5.3.19)
definition: Variable action that accompanies the leading action in a combination.

Action
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000140
subclass of: Quantity
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.1
alternative label: F
definition: Set of forces (loads) applied to the structure (direct action) or set of imposed deformations or accelerations caused for example, by temperature changes, moisture variation, uneven settlement or earthquakes (indirect action).
example: dead load, imopsed load, wind load, thermal action

Angular deformation
type: Class
subclass of: Deformation
disjoint with: Linear deformation
disjoint with: Volumetric Deformation
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.2
definition: Deformation involving rotation or angular change in the structure.

Category C1 - areas with tables
type: Class
subclass of: Category C - congregation areas
source: EN 1991-1-1:2002 Table 6.1
definition: Area with tables
example: areas in schools, cafés, restaurants, dining halls, reading rooms, receptions

Category C2 - areas with fixed seats
type: Class
subclass of: Category C - congregation areas
source: EN 1991-1-1:2002 Table 6.1
definition: Area with fixed seats
example: areas in churches, theatres or cinemas, conference rooms, lecture halls, assembly halls, waiting rooms, railway waiting rooms

Category C3 - areas without obstacles
type: Class
subclass of: Category C - congregation areas
source: EN 1991-1-1:2002 Table 6.1
definition: Area without obstacles for moving people
example: areas in museums, exhibition rooms, etc. and access areas in public and administration buildings, hotels, hospitals, railway station forecourts

Axial force
type: Class
subclass of: Internal force
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.2
alternative label: N
definition: Internal force acting along the axis of structural members.

Bending moment
type: Class
subclass of: Internal force
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.2
alternative label: M
definition: Internal moment causing bending in structural members.

Bending moment resistance
type: Class
subclass of: Resistance
alternative label: M_Rd
definition: Design value of the maximum bending moment that a structural cross-section can safely resist without failure.

Building
type: Class
subclass of: Construction works
type: NamedIndividual
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.1.2
definition: Type of construction work for building purposes such as dwelling houses, office buildings, etc.
example: dwelling house, office building, industrial building

Characteristic combination
type: Class
subclass of: Serviceability Limit State combination
disjoint with: Frequent combination
disjoint with: Quasi-permanent combination
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 6.5.3(2)a
definition: Serviceability combination normally used for irreversible limit states.
scope note: Used for irreversible serviceability limit state verifications

Characteristic value
type: Class
subclass of: QuantityValue
definition: A statistically defined value of a physical quantity with a specified probability of non-exceedance.

Civil engineering work
type: Class
subclass of: Construction works
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.1.2
definition: Type of construction work for civil engineering purposes such as bridges, retaining walls, etc.
example: bridge, retaining wall, tunnel

Combination of actions
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000140
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.22
definition: Set of design values used for the verification of the structural reliability for a limit state under the simultaneous influence of different actions.

Compressive strength
type: Class
subclass of: Material property
definition: Compressive strength of a material.

Concrete
type: Class
subclass of: Material
definition: A composite material consisting of a mixture of cement, water, aggregates (coarse and fine), and, where appropriate, admixtures and additions, which develops its strength by hydration of the cement.

Category C - congregation areas
type: Class
subclass of: Eurocode zone
source: EN 1991-1-1:2002 Table 6.1
definition: Area where people may congregate (except areas under category A, B, and D)

Construction works
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000040
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.1.1
definition: Everything that is constructed or results from construction operations. The term covers both building and civil engineering works comprising structural, non-structural and geotechnical elements.
example: building, bridge, nuclea power plant

Creep effect
type: Class
subclass of: Time-dependent effect
definition: Long-term deformation effect due to sustained loading.

Dead load
type: Class
subclass of: Permanent action
source: EN 1991-1-1:2002
definition: .

Deflection
type: Class
subclass of: Linear deformation
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.6
alternative label: w
definition: Vertical deflction of a structural member.

Deformation
type: Class
subclass of: Deformation effect
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.2
definition: Change in shape or size of a structure or structural member due to actions.

Deformation effect
type: Class
subclass of: Effect of action
definition: Effect of actions in the form of deformations of the structure or structural members.

Density
type: Class
subclass of: Material property
definition: Mass per unit volume of a material.

Category D2 - department stores
type: Class
subclass of: Category D - shopping areas
source: EN 1991-1-1:2002 Table 6.1
definition: Area in department stores
example: department stores

Design action
type: Class
subclass of: Action
disjoint with: Representative action
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.21
definition: Value ofan action used for limit state verification. A design valueo is btained by multiplying the representative value by the partial factor.

Design situation
type: Class
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.2.2
definition: Sets of physical conditions representing the real conditions occurring during a certain time interval for which the design will demonstrate that relevant limit states are not exceeded.

Design value
type: Class
subclass of: QuantityValue
definition: A value used in structural design verification, derived from a representative value (typically characteristic) through application of partial safety factors.

Direct action
type: Class
subclass of: Action
disjoint with: Indirect action
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.1 a)
definition: Set of forces (loads) applied to the structure.

Displacement
type: Class
subclass of: Linear deformation
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.6
alternative label: u
definition: Horizontal displacement of a structure or structural member.

Dynamic action
type: Class
subclass of: Action
disjoint with: Static action
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.12
definition: Action that causes significant acceleration of the structure or structural members.

Dynamic effect
type: Class
subclass of: Effect of action
definition: Effect of actions involving dynamic response, acceleration, or vibration.

Effect of action
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000140
subclass of: Quantity
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.2
alternative label: E
definition: Effect of actions on structural members (e.g. internal force, moment, stress, strain) or on the whole structure (e.g. deflection, rotation).
editorial note: Effects of actions can be calculated through structural analysis and must be compared against resistance for verification
example: internal force, moment, stress, strain, deflection, rotation

Eurocode zone
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000040
subclass of: Zone
source: EN 1991-1-1:2002 Table 6.1
definition: A space classified according to EN 1991-1-1 usage categories

Fatigue action
type: Class
subclass of: Action
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.7
definition: Repeated or fluctuating mechanical action applied over time, which may cause failure even if the individual stress cycles are below the material's static strength.

Fatigue effect
type: Class
subclass of: Time-dependent effect
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 3.1(5)
definition: Progressive damage effect due to repeated loading cycles.

Favourable action
type: Class
subclass of: Action
disjoint with: UnfavourableAction action
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 6.3.2(3)P
definition: Action that reduces the effect of other actions on a structure, or otherwise contributes to structural safety.

Fixed action
type: Class
subclass of: Action
disjoint with: Free action
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.8
definition: Action that has a fixed distribution and position over the structure or structural member such that the magnitude and direction of the action are determined unambiguously for the whole structure.
example: Stored goods in a defined storage area with no alternative placement

Free action
type: Class
subclass of: Action
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.9
definition: Action that may have various spatial distributions over the structure.
example: Imposed floor load on individual rooms of a multi-storey building

Frequent combination
type: Class
subclass of: Serviceability Limit State combination
disjoint with: Quasi-permanent combination
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 6.5.3(2)b
definition: Serviceability combination normally used for reversible limit states.
scope note: Used for reversible serviceability limit state verifications

Fundamental combination
type: Class
subclass of: Ultimate Limit State combination
disjoint with: Seismic combination
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 6.4.3.2
definition: Combination of actions for persistent or transient design situations.
scope note: Used for persistent and transient design situations in ULS verifications

Category D1 - general retail shops
type: Class
subclass of: Category D - shopping areas
source: EN 1991-1-1:2002 Table 6.1
definition: Area in general retail shops
example: general retail shops

Geometrical data
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000019
subclass of: Quantity
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 4.3
definition: Geometrical properties and dimensions of structural elements.

Geotechnical action
type: Class
subclass of: Action
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.7
definition: Action transmitted to the structure by the ground, fill or groundwater.

Category K - helicopter landing areas
type: Class
subclass of: Eurocode zone
source: EN 1991-1-1:2002 Table 6.9
definition: Roof accessible for special services, such as helicopter landing areas
example: helicopter landing pads on roofs

Imposed load
type: Class
subclass of: Variable action
disjoint with: Snow load
disjoint with: Thermal action
disjoint with: Wind action
source: EN 1991-1-1:2002
definition: Loads that is not permanent and arise from the intended use or occupancy of the structure.

Indirect action
type: Class
subclass of: Action
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.1 b)
definition: Set of imposed deformations or accelerations caused for example, by temperature changes, moisture variation, uneven settlement or earthquakes.

Category E2 - industrial use
type: Class
subclass of: Category E - storage and industrial
source: EN 1991-1-1:2002 Table 6.3
definition: Industrial use area
example: industrial facilities: plant rooms, workshops

Category E - storage and industrial
type: Class
subclass of: Eurocode zone
source: EN 1991-1-1:2002 Table 6.3
definition: Storage and industrial area

Internal force
type: Class
subclass of: Mechanical effect
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.2
definition: Effect of actions in the form of internal forces in structural members.

Category C5 - large crowds areas
type: Class
subclass of: Category C - congregation areas
source: EN 1991-1-1:2002 Table 6.1
definition: Area susceptible to large crowds
example: buildings for public events like concert halls, sports halls including stands, terraces and access areas and railway platforms

Leading variable action
type: Class
subclass of: Variable action
source: EN 1990:2002 Section 6.4.3.1(2)
definition: Variable action that, in a particular combination of actions, has the most significant effect on the design outcome and is considered as the primary representative of the variable actions in that combination.

Category F - light vehicle traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Eurocode zone
source: EN 1991-1-1:2002 Table 6.7
definition: Traffic and parking area for light vehicles (≤ 30 kN gross vehicle weight and ≤ 8 seats not including driver)
example: garages, parking areas, parking halls

Limit state
type: Class
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.2.12
definition: State beyond which the structure no longer fulfils the relevant design criteria.
editorial note: Limit states define critical conditions that must not be exceeded to ensure structural safety and serviceability

Limit state value
type: Class
subclass of: Quantity
definition: Design resistance or serviceability criterion used for verificatinon of a limit state.

Limiting serviceability criterion
type: Class
subclass of: Limit state value
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 6.5.1
definition: Limiting design value of the relevant serviceability criterion.
example: allowable deflection, allowable crack width

Linear deformation
type: Class
subclass of: Deformation
disjoint with: Volumetric Deformation
definition: Deformation involving linear displacement of points in the structure.

Lower bound value
type: Class
subclass of: QuantityValue
definition: A conservative or code-specified minimum value of a physical quantity, used to ensure safety under unfavorable conditions.

Material
type: Class
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.1.3
definition: Indication of the principal structural material.

Material property
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000019
subclass of: Quantity
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 4.2
definition: Physical or mechanical property of construction materials.

Mean value
type: Class
subclass of: QuantityValue
definition: Arithmetic average of a set of observations; used to represent the expected or central value of a physical quantity in structural design.

Mechanical effect
type: Class
subclass of: Effect of action
definition: Effect of actions in the form of forces, stresses, or strains in structural members.

Category G - medium vehicle traffic
type: Class
subclass of: Eurocode zone
source: EN 1991-1-1:2002 Table 6.7
definition: Traffic and parking area for medium vehicles (>30 kN, ≤ 160 kN gross vehicle weight, on 2 axles)
example: access routes, delivery zones, zones accessible to fire engines (≤ 160 kN gross vehicle weight)

Nominal value
type: Class
subclass of: QuantityValue
definition: A conventional or assigned value of a physical quantity used for reference in design.

Normal stress
type: Class
subclass of: Stress
definition: Stress acting in the direction normal to a surface.

Category B - office areas
type: Class
subclass of: Eurocode zone
source: EN 1991-1-1:2002 Table 6.1
definition: Office area
example: General office spaces

Permanent action
type: Class
subclass of: Action
disjoint with: Variable action
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.3
alternative label: G
definition: Action that is likely to act throughout a given reference period and for which the variation in magnitude with time is negligible, or for which the variation is always in the same direction (monotonic) until the action attains a certain limit value.
example: self-weight, fixed equipment

Persistent design situation
type: Class
subclass of: Design situation
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.2.4
definition: Design situation that is relevant during a period of the same order as the design working life of the structure. Generally refers to conditions of normal use.

Category C4 - physical activities areas
type: Class
subclass of: Category C - congregation areas
source: EN 1991-1-1:2002 Table 6.1
definition: Area with possible physical activities
example: dance halls, gymnastic rooms, stages

Principal stress
type: Class
subclass of: Stress
definition: Maximum or minimum normal stress at a point.

Quasi-permanent combination
type: Class
subclass of: Serviceability Limit State combination
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 6.5.3(2)c
definition: Serviceability combination normally used for long-term effects and the appearance of the structure.
scope note: Used for long-term effects and appearance considerations

Quasi-static action
type: Class
subclass of: Dynamic action
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.13
definition: Dynamic action represented by an equivalent static action in a static model.

Reaction
type: Class
subclass of: Effect of action
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.2
definition: Support reaction force or moment at structural supports.

Representative action
type: Class
subclass of: Action
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.20
definition: Value ofan action used for limit state verification. A representative value may be the characteristic value or an accompanying value.

Representative value
type: Class
subclass of: QuantityValue
definition: A value that approximates a physical parameter in a way that reflects its expected role in structural analysis or verification.

Category A - domestic and residential
type: Class
subclass of: Eurocode zone
source: EN 1991-1-1:2002 Table 6.1
definition: Area for domestic and residential activities
example: rooms in residential buildings and houses, bedrooms and wards in hospitals, bedrooms in hotels and hostels, kitchens and toilets

Residential building
type: Class
subclass of: Building
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.1.2
definition: Building intended primarily for the accommodation and permanent or temporary residence of individuals or households.
example: detached house, apartment building, high-rise residential tower

Resistance
type: Class
subclass of: Limit state value
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.2.15
alternative label: R
definition: Capacity of a member or component, or a cross-section of a member or component of a structure, to withstand actions without mechanical failure.
example: bending resistance, buckling resistance, tension resistance

Category H - roofs
type: Class
subclass of: Eurocode zone
source: EN 1991-1-1:2002 Table 6.9
definition: Roof not accessible except for normal maintenance and repair
example: roofs accessible only for maintenance

Rotation
type: Class
subclass of: Angular deformation
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.2
definition: Angular rotation of a structure or structural member.

Serviceability Limit State combination
type: Class
subclass of: Combination of actions
disjoint with: Ultimate Limit State combination
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 6.5.3
definition: Combinations of actions for verifying serviceability limit states.

Seismic action
type: Class
subclass of: Accidental action
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.6
alternative label: A_E
definition: Action that arises due to earthquake ground motions.

Seismic combination
type: Class
subclass of: Ultimate Limit State combination
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 6.4.3.4
definition: Combination of actions for seismic design situations.
scope note: Used for seismic design situations in ULS verifications

Seismic design situation
type: Class
subclass of: Design situation
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.2.7
definition: Design situation involving exceptional conditions of the structure when subjected to a seismic event.

Self-weight
type: Class
subclass of: Permanent action
source: EN 1991-1-1:2002
definition: Weight of the structure itself, including all permanent construction elements, finishes, fixed equipment, and any other permanently attached components.

Serviceability Limit State
type: Class
subclass of: Limit state
disjoint with: Ultimate Limit State
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.2.14
alternative label: SLS
definition: State that correspond to conditions beyond which specified service requirements for a structure or structural member are no longer met.

Shear force
type: Class
subclass of: Internal force
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.2
alternative label: V
definition: Internal force acting perpendicular to the axis of structural members.

Shear stress
type: Class
subclass of: Stress
definition: Stress acting in the direction parallel (tangential) to a surface.

Category D - shopping areas
type: Class
subclass of: Eurocode zone
source: EN 1991-1-1:2002 Table 6.1
definition: Shopping area

Shrinkage effect
type: Class
subclass of: Time-dependent effect
definition: Deformation effect due to material shrinkage over time.

Snow load
type: Class
subclass of: Variable action
disjoint with: Thermal action
disjoint with: Wind action
source: EN 1991-1-3:2003
definition: Variable climatic action caused by the accumulation of snow on the surface of structures.

Static action
type: Class
subclass of: Action
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.11
definition: Action that does not cause significant acceleration of the structure or structural members.

Category E1 - storage areas
type: Class
subclass of: Category E - storage and industrial
source: EN 1991-1-1:2002 Table 6.3
definition: Area susceptible to accumulation of goods, including access areas
example: areas for storage use including storage of books and other documents: archives, libraries, stockrooms

Strain
type: Class
subclass of: Mechanical effect
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.2
definition: Deformation per unit length in structural members.

Stress
type: Class
subclass of: Mechanical effect
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.2
definition: Internal stress in structural members due to actions.

Structural member
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000040
subclass of: Element
source: EN 1990:200, Section 1.5.1.7
definition: Physically distinguishable part of a structure, e.g. a column, a beam, a slab, a foundation pile.
example: column, beam, slab, foundation pile

Structural system
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000040
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.1.9
definition: Load-bearing members of a building or civil engineering works and the way in which these members function together.
example: Flat-slab system with drop panels, steel potal frame, cable-stayed bridge system, trussed roof system

Structure
type: Class
subclass of: BFO_0000040
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.1.6
definition: Organised combination of connected parts designed to carry loads and provide adequate rigidity.
example: Residential building, reatining wall, suspension bridge, underground tunnel

Thermal action
type: Class
subclass of: Variable action
disjoint with: Wind action
source: EN 1991-1-5:2003, Section 1.5.1
definition: Actions that arises from the changes of temperature fields within a specified time interval.

Thickness
type: Class
subclass of: Geometrical data
definition: Dimension of a structural element measured perpendicular to its plane or surface.

Time-dependent effect
type: Class
subclass of: Effect of action
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 3.1(5)
definition: Effect of actions that varies with time due to material behavior or other time-related factors.

Torsional moment
type: Class
subclass of: Internal force
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.2
alternative label: T
definition: Internal moment causing twisting in structural members.

Transient design situation
type: Class
subclass of: Design situation
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.2.3
definition: Design situation that is relevant during a period much shorter than the design working life of the structure and which has a high probability of occurrence, e.g. during construction or repair.
example: construction phase, repair operations

Twist
type: Class
subclass of: Angular deformation
definition: Angular deformation about the longitudinal axis.

Ultimate Limit State combination
type: Class
subclass of: Combination of actions
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 6.4.3
definition: Combination of actions for verifying ultimate limit states.

Ultimate Limit State
type: Class
subclass of: Limit state
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.2.13
alternative label: ULS
definition: State associated with collapse or with other similar forms of structural failure. They generally correspond to the maximum load-carrying resistance of a structure or structural member.

UnfavourableAction action
type: Class
subclass of: Action
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 6.3.2(3)P
definition: An action that increases the effect of other actions on a structure, or otherwise reduces structural safety.

Upper bound value
type: Class
subclass of: QuantityValue
definition: A conservative or code-specified maximum value of a physical quantity, used to limit overestimation of capacity or underestimation of actions.

Variable action
type: Class
subclass of: Action
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.3.4
alternative label: Q
definition: Action for which the variation in magnitude with time is neither negligible nor monotonic.
example: imposed loads, wind, snow, thermal actions

Vibration response
type: Class
subclass of: Dynamic effect
definition: Dynamic response of structures to oscillatory actions, important for serviceability considerations.

Volumetric Deformation
type: Class
subclass of: Deformation
definition: Deformation involving change in volume of structural elements.

Wind action
type: Class
subclass of: Variable action
source: EN 1991-1-4:2005
definition: Variable climatic action resulting from the movement of air relative to the surface of the Earth. These action acts as external pressure or suction on surfaces and can also induce internal pressure.

Agricultural structure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Structure
source: EN 1990:2002, Table 2.1
definition: A building or construction primarily designed and used for farming-related activities.
example: barn, greenhouse, animal shelter

Bridge structure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Structure
source: EN 1990:2002, Table 2.1
definition: Engineered construction designed to span physical obstacles such as rivers, valleys, roads, or railways, providing a safe passage for vehicles, pedestrians, or utilities.
example: beam bridge, arch bridge, suspension bridge

Building structure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Structure
source: EN 1990:2002, Table 2.1
definition: Load-bearing framework or system designed to support and transfer all applied loads safely to the foundation and ultimately to the ground.
example: masonry building, steel frame building, timber-framed house

Civil engineering structure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Structure
source: EN 1990:2002, Table 2.1
definition: Constructed system composed of interconnected physical elements designed, analyzed, and built to withstand environmental and operational loads, enabling the provision of essential services such as transport, shelter, water management, or energy distribution.
example: dam, tunnel, airport, retaining wall, power station, road

Static equilibrium
type: NamedIndividual
type: Ultimate Limit State
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 6.4.1(1)P a)
definition: Loss of static equilibrium of the structure or any part of it considered as a rigid body.

Execution
type: NamedIndividual
type: Transient design situation
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 3.2(2)P
definition: Transient design situation during execution of a construction work.

Explosion design situation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Accidental design situation
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.2.5
definition: Accidental design situation involving explosion conditions.

Fatigue failure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Ultimate Limit State
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 6.4.1(1)P d)
definition: Fatigue failure of the structure or structural members.

Fire design situation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Accidental design situation
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.2.5 & 6
definition: Accidental design situation involving fire conditions requiring specific design considerations.

Geotechnical failure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Ultimate Limit State
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 6.4.1(1)P c)
definition: Failure or excessive deformation of the ground where the strengths of soil or rock are significant in providing resistance.

Hydraulic failure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Ultimate Limit State
source: EN 1990:2002/A1:2005, Section 6.4.1(1)P f)
definition: Hydraulic heave, internal erosion and piping in the ground caused by hydraulic gradients.

Irreversible Serviceability Limit State
type: NamedIndividual
type: Serviceability Limit State
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.2.14.1
definition: Serviceability limit state where some consequences of actions exceeding the specified service requirements will remain when the actions are removed.

Impact design situation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Accidental design situation
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.2.5
definition: Accidental design situation involving impact conditions.

Localized failure design situation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Accidental design situation
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.2.5
definition: Accidental design situation involving local failure conditions.

Monumental building structure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Structure
source: EN 1990:2002, Table 2.1
definition: Large-scale, architecturally significant structure designed to serve as a landmark, memorial, or symbol of cultural, historical, or civic importance.
example: national parliment building, museum of significant importance, major cathedral

Reversible Serviceability Limit State
type: NamedIndividual
type: Serviceability Limit State
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 1.5.2.14.2
definition: Serviceability limit state where no consequences of actions exceeding the specified service requirements will remain when the actions are removed.

Repair
type: NamedIndividual
type: Transient design situation
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 3.2(2)P
definition: Transient design situation during repair of a construction work.

Structure with replaceable elements
type: NamedIndividual
type: Structure
source: EN 1990:2002, Table 2.1
definition: Structure designed such that certain primary or secondary structural components can be removed, replaced, or upgraded during its service life without compromising the overall stability, integrity, or usability of the structure.
example: modular steel bridge with replaceable girders, industrial building with precast concrete roof panels

Structural resistance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Ultimate Limit State
source: EN 1990:2002, Section 6.4.1(1)P b)
definition: Internal failure or excessive deformation of the structure or structural members where the strength of construction materials governs.

Temporary structure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Structure
source: EN 1990:2002, Table 2.1
definition: Structre that is intended to be used for a limited period of time, typically to support, protect, or provide access during the execution of permanent works, or to serve a short-term purpose.
example: formwork system, steel scaffolding, temoprary bridge

Uplift failure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Ultimate Limit State
source: EN 1990:2002/A1:2005, Section 6.4.1(1)P e)
definition: Loss of equilibrium of the structure or the ground due to uplift by water pressure (buoyancy) or other vertical actions.